American Defense Society - Membership Certificate

American Defense Society, NY membership certificate. World War I. Very minor fold archival repair at folds.

The American Defense Society was a nationalist American political group founded in 1915. It advocated American intervention against Germany during World War I as well as opposition to the Bolsheviks, who came to power in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917.

Clarence Smedley Thomas, Cushing Stetson, and John F. Hubbard formed the ADS in August 1915 as a splinter group from the National Security League (NSL). They objected to the NSL for being uncritical in support of the Wilson administration. Like the NSL, the ADS favored progressivism and its reform programs, but the ADS was much more militarist and nationalistic than the NSL. Its first honorary president was former US President Theodore Roosevelt. The Chairman was Richard Melancthon Hurd.

Among the political positions of the ADS were:

• Total victory against Germany in World War I, with no discussion of peace terms
• Centralized organization of national industry, as accomplished temporarily under the War Industries Board
• Expulsion of socialists from US politics
• Suppression of sedition
• One hundred percent Americanism

In February 1918, the Society called on Congress to take action on a series of measures required by US entry into World War I. It wanted an "overwhelming force" sent to France: "the quicker we put our full strength into the war the sooner it will be over." It called for the internment of enemy aliens and sympathizers to prevent sabotage because "if enough munition factories are blown up here we shall lose the war." It claimed that England saw an end to foreign plots and propaganda after interning 70,000. On the educational and cultural front, the Society was uncompromising:

"The appalling and complete breakdown of German Kultur compels a sweeping revision of the attitude of civilized nations and individuals toward the German language, literature, and science. The close scrutiny of German thought induced by 'Hun' frightfulness in this war has revealed abhorrent qualities hitherto unknown, and to most people unsuspected. Hereafter, throughout every English-speaking country on the globe, the German language will be a dead language. Out with it forever!"

The ADS also called for compulsory military training for all men between the ages of 18 and 21.

In late 1918, it launched a campaign to eliminate instruction in German nationwide.

After World War I, the ADS joined the campaign against American participation in the League of Nations. It described the League as a surrender of national sovereignty "obnoxious to the Constitution of the United States." It denounced "the impossible doctrines of the self-determination of races which is contrary to our fundamental doctrines as a nation."

The ADS was officially nonpartisan, but in 1920, Charles Steward Davison, Chairman of the Board of Trustees, wrote an open letter to its officers, members, and contributors to urgin them to support the Republican presidential ticket of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge.

The manager of the ADS's Washington Bureau in the 1920s was Richard Merrill Whitney, the author of an exposé of radical activity, The Reds in America.

The ADS made a brief resurgence during the years immediately before World War II. The group conducted a campaign against the attempt of President Franklin Roosevelt to "pack" the US Supreme Court by expanding its number of members.

Later, the group was hamstrung by the death of two of its principals: Chairman of the Board of Trustees Davison in 1942 and Board Chairman Elon Huntington Hooker in 1948.

In its final years, it maintained its public profile by giving awards. In 1939, it presented awards called the Atlantic Fleet Silver Cup for excellence in gunnery and the Distinguished Service Gold Medal for work on behalf of national defense and preparedness. In 1943, it honored Theodore Roosevelt on the 85th anniversary of his birth.

The ADS seems to have essentially been terminated by Davison's death and finally disappeared from New York City directories in 1956.

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